课程内容

《语法专题-简单句和并列句》
1.简单句
说明：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个位于（或并列谓语）构成的句子。
例句：1.She goes to work every day.
2.Tom and I found her there.
3.We all breathe,eat and work.
简单句的五种基本句型
（1）主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P)
The weather is very cold.
(2)主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)
He laughed.
(3)主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O）
I like Chinese food.
(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO）
She taught them physics.
(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt+O+C）
We must keep the room warm.
1.主语（subject)
表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。
通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。
例如：
1.(My teacher)hates telling lies.(指老师这个人）
2.（Great changes)have taken place in China in the past thirty years.(所发生的事情-变化）
2.谓语（Predicate）
说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”》
通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。
要弄清两个概念：
及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词；
不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词
例如：
1.Children (like) playing games.
2.They (were taking about)a new film.
3.宾语（Object)
常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词或短语。
常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词短语等充当。
例如：
1.She has finished (doing the experiment).
2.We like English and are good at it.
4.表语（Predicative)
与系动词连用，说明主语的性质特征等。
常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。
例如：
1.Her grandfather is (an engineer).
2.The two countries were (at war)then.
3.The fact seems (that he didn't notice the car).
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1）表感官的动词：
feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。
2）表转变变化的动词：become,get.grow,turn,go 等
3）表延续的动词 remain,keep,stay 等
5.宾语补足语（Object Complement)
常指补充说明宾语的成分，逻辑上与宾语时“主谓”关系。常由形容词、名词。介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。
例如：
1.She keeps the house (clean)every day.
2.Nobody calls me (a liar).
3.We last saw him (playing on the playground).
2.并列句
说明：由并列连词（如：and,so,but,or 等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。
例句：1.I often help her and she helps me,too.
2.Harry likes eggs,but he doesn't like chicken.
Use your head,and you'll find a way.
Not only does he want to come,but the students also need him.
Either you leave this house or I'll call the police.
It was late,so we went home.
You like tennis,while I loke reading.
He worked hard,yet he failed.
The book is expensive,however,it's worth it.
常用并列连词
平行并列连词：and,both...and,not only...but also,neither...nor
转折并列连词：but,however,while,yet.
因果并列连词：for,so,therefore,then
选择并列连词：or,either...or,not...but...
注意：并列连词so不能与because 连用；并列连词but不能和although 或though 连用。
3.复合句
说明：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，从句是主句的一个成分。
V.句子的分类（按用途）
句子按用途可分为：
1.陈述句（ Declarative Sentences)
2.疑问句（Interrogative Sentences)
3.祈使句（Imperative Sentences)
4.感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences)
1.陈述句（ Declarative Sentences)
用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
1）Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
2）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
要特别注意陈述句的否定结构
首先，否定转移：主句谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess等表“认为”的动词时，宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句位于上。
例如：1）I don't think I know you.
2)She doesn't believe you are wrong.
注意：hope 不在此列。
误:I don't hope it will rain.
正：I hope it won't rain.
第二：句中含有never,seldom,hardly,scacely,rarely,barely,nothing,nobaby,nowhere等词时，应视为否定句。例如：
1）I could hardly hear anything.
2)He rarely comes to see me.
3)None of us has been to Beijing.
4)I saw nothing in the darkness.
5)We could find her nowhere.
第三,部分否定和全部否定：
all,both,either,every,everybody,everyday,everywhere,always与not连用时，表示部分否定。表示全部否定要no,neither,none,nobaby,nothing,never,nowhere等词。
肯定：All the ants go out for food.
部分否定：Not all the ants go out for food.或：All the ants don't go out for food.
全部否定：None of the ants goes out for food.或：Not any of the ants goes out for food.
2.祈使句
用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈使句用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用Dno't或Never+动词原形开头。例如：
1.Sit down,please!
2.Don't be nervous!
有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词do.
例如：Do come earlier,please!
有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如：Silence!
No parking!
注意：
在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中，当前后两部分为承接关系时，用and;前后意思为相反关系时，用or.如果将前面的祈使句转换成由if 引导的条件状语从句，要将and 或or 去掉。
例如：Do it now,or it will be too late.
Hurry up,and we'll be there in time.=If we hurry up,we'll be there in time.
One more effort and you will succeed.
3.感叹句
表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，常用what或how 来引导。常见的句型结构是：
What+名词+主语+谓语！
How +形容词或副词+主语+谓语！
例如：
1）What good news it is!
2)What s silly question he asked!
3)How cool it is today!
4)How hard the students are working!
4.疑问句
用来提出问题，有以下四种：
a.一般疑问句：常指用yes或 no回答的句子，常把be、助动词have、do或情态动词等提到主语之前，例如：
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗/
b.特殊疑问句：指用特殊疑问词开头的疑问句，不能用yes或no回答，例如：
Where do you live?你住哪儿？
c.选择疑问句：
这种疑问句通常提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择，供选择的部分常用or连接。例如：
1.Would you like some tea or coffee?
2.Which jacket did he buy,the green one or the red one?
d.反意疑问句：在陈述句后附上一个简短文件，表示说话者多所叙述的事实虽有一定见解，但没有把握，提出疑问，希望得到对方的证实。常见句型结构是：前肯定后否定：前否定后肯定两种。要注意陈述句的否定有多种形式，除了用not之外，还可以用hardly,few,little,never,seldom,nobody,nothing,nowhere等词表示否定，但都得的前缀和后缀不算否定。
例如：
1）Work is a big part of your life,isn't it?
2)They all had a good time,didn't they?
3)She dislikes pets,doesn't she?
4)He doesn't know her,does he?
5)Nobody came here just now,did they?
6)Tom can hardly cook,can he?
注意：
1.陈述句分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，通常要对主句主语进行反问;但如果陈述部分是“I (don't)think/suppose/believe等+宾语从句”时，则要对宾语从句的主句进行反问。
例如：
1）He has told you that he will go to America,hasn't he?
2)I don't think he will go to America,will he?
2.陈述部分为祈使句时，不论祈使句时肯定形式还是否定形式，反意疑问句部分通常用will you;但let's 引起的祈使句的反意疑问句部分通常用shall we.
例如：
1）Come here this evening,will you?
2)Don't make a noise,will you ?
3)Let's go out for a walk,shall we?
4)Let me do it again,wil you?